Comparing two short stories -My brothers keeper and Do...

Comparative analysis of two stories : quot;My brother’s keeper quot; quot; and Do angels wear brassieres?quot; The two short stories that I am comparing are quot; My brother’s keeperquot; by Geoffrey Philp and quot; Do angels wear brassieres?quot; by Olive Senior. quot;My brother’s keeperquot; talked about history ,race , identity, friendship, family, age, motherhood and sexuality and how they are defined around cultural and traditional positions. It is about a young man named Paul and his account of the changes he went through dealing with a step brother he did not even know existed until the very first day the boy showed up at their door . His step- brother’s name was David and he was coming from America where he†¦show more content†¦quot; Do angels wear brassieres?quot; also had tones of anger throughout the story coming from different people at different times towards Beccka . Relating this to the family ,I saw how age marginalized relationships in and outside of the family. Even though Beccka sounded intelligent, she was not allowed to voice her thought because she was a ‘child’. Both stories are similar in various ways addressing the problems existing in their society. For instance, in quot;My brother’s keeper quot; and quot; Do angels wear brassieres?quot;, both writers address the fact that migration to ‘ greener pastures’ was common the sense of belonging, the idea of pride in one’s family, the poverty that most people had to live with and the strong believe in religion ( Christianity ) were central to the Jamaican society. From both stories, I saw that in terms of family, it is very female centered. Both Paul and Beccka did not have their fathers living with them . In quot; Do angels wear brassieres?quot;, Beccka was so inquisitive that her own mother and Aunt thought she was possessed . Compared to the Beccka character in quot; Do angels wear brassieres?quot; , Paul in quot; My brother’s keeperquot; was not as curious . He was withdrawn and seemed content with what he already knew . He was angry at David, his step-brother who , coming from a different cultural background is used to doing thingsShow MoreRelatedStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 PagesIdentifying competitors’ likely response profiles Competitor analysis and the development of strategy The competitive intelligence system The development of a competitive stance: the potential for ethical conflict Summary CONTENTS vii Stage Two: Where do we want to be? Strategic direction and strategic formulation 7 Missions and objectives 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 Learning objectives Introduction The purpose of planning Establishing the corporate mission Influences on objectives and strategyRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagesmoney From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visual and audio resources, WileyPLUS gives you everything you need to personalize the teaching and learning experience.  » F i n d o u t h ow t o M A K E I T YO U R S  » www.wileyplus.com ALL THE HELP, RESOURCES, AND PERSONAL SUPPORT YOU AND YOUR STUDENTS NEED! 2-Minute Tutorials and all of the resources you your students need to get started www.wileyplus.com/firstday Student support from an experiencedRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesAirlines CASE STUDY II-3 Norfolk Southern Railway: The Business Intelligence Journey CASE STUDY II-4 Mining Data to Increase State Tax Revenues in California CASE STUDY II-5 The Cliptomaniaâ„ ¢ Web Store: An E-Tailing Start-up Survival Story CASE STUDY II-6 Rock Island Chocolate Company, Inc.: Building a Social Networking Strategy CASE STUDY III-1 Managing a Systems Development Project at Consumer and Industrial Products, Inc. CASE STUDY III-2 A Make-or-Buy Decision

For This Final Analysis I Will Be Looking More In Depth

For this final analysis I will be looking more in depth to the movie The Hunger Games directed by Gary Ross and released March 23, 2012. In this movie there are two characters that we see the most Katniss, played by Jenifer Lawrence, and Peeta, played by Josh Hutcherson. Other characters that become familiar are Gale, played by Liam Hemsworth, Effie Trinket, played by Elizabeth Banks, Haymitch, played by Woody Harrelson, Primrose, played by Willow Shields, Mrs. Everdeen, played by Paula Malcomson, President Snow, played by Donald Sutherland, and Cinna, played by Lenny Kravitz. All of these characters appear often throughout the whole movie. In The Hunger Games, each district in Panem gets a girl and a boy chosen to participate in the†¦show more content†¦Katniss has to work on her own to survive at the beginning of the games and eventually her and Peeta work together and win. That is when the end of the movie begins. The end of the movie would start after the games where we get to see the victors. There are scenes of Peeta and Katniss at a victors’ interview and also a scene of Peeta and Katniss being crowned as the winners. Finally the movie ends when Peeta and Katniss returning to their district. The next thing I am going to talk about is mise-en-scene. Mise-en-scene means staging or putting on an action or scene, this is technically how the movie looks overall. According to the book, there are two major visual components of mise-en-scene; the design and the composition. The design, according to the definition of the book, is the process by which the look of the settings, props, lighting, and actors are determined. The composition, also from the books definition, is the organization, distribution, balance, and general relationship of actors and objects within the space of each shot. These components help us to sympathize for characters in the movie. The mise-en-scene of The Hunger Games was great. I was very impressed with the props and settin g of this movie. The setting in the jungle and the different props they included made it feel so real. One specific scene that was great was the scene where Katniss is cutting down the hive of tracker jackers while standing on the tree branch. The tracker jackers,Show MoreRelatedSenior Project Final Report Guide1715 Words   |  7 PagesBUSN460 Senior Project Final Report and Presentation Guide Overview: The object of this course and this project is to provide you with a realistic situation that you are likely to face in the real world business environment. Youll be working with limited information, limited support from your client, within a limited time frame - and yet, you have to get up to speed in a new area quickly, and make informed professional recommendations based on your research and analysis. You and your team haveRead MoreWhat Makes A Better Systems Of Communication Within Sports Teams1741 Words   |  7 PagesTeams are always looking to improve and reach that next level. Vast amounts of money are paid to improve sports teams, and many businesses base their models of work on professional athletics. I will be discussing a team today in attempts to look more deeply into the issues that can hold a team back from reaching its potential from a communication stand point. This study’s intention is to help create better systems of communication within sports teams. I will specifically be looking at my cross countryRead MoreGraduation Speech On Computer Science Engineering863 Words   |  4 Pagesprogram, I am delighted to introduce myself to you . Therefore, I put forth my credentials about my education and study intentions for admission to the M.S program in Computer Science at XXXXXX University. I am question less that I will successfully complete the M.S program at y our academic community with my well-crafted and commendable knowledge about Computer science engineering. As a student in the undergraduate study for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Computer science engineering, I expectRead MoreEssay On Individual Income1048 Words   |  5 Pagesthat influence marital status. According to Ratra and Kaur (2004), middle or high-income group compared to low income group women had a lower attitude towards marriage less marital knowledge while higher marital apprehensions expectations. Having this deficit leads to further issues in upward mobility with income. Positive attitude towards marriage and marital knowledge leads to higher marital satisfaction and influences individual’s satisfaction with income. Overall, the data doesn’t thoroughlyRead MoreSusan Bordo976 Words   |  4 PagesThis is a chapter from her book The Male Body.   This chapter explains her thoughts on the use of the male body in advertising.  Ã‚  Bordo  explains how and why she first got interested in looking for new advertisements of males in magazines.  Ã‚  Bordo explicitly depicts her thoughts  on how people look at the male body, how it was used  in advertising, movies, and our culture overall.   She also goes into how over time the use of male bodies has changed in our culture.   Bordo uses a  lot of pictures and  actualRead MoreThe Sopranos1696 Words   |  7 Pagesand debated to this day. My piece has become more popular than I ever could have imagined but speaks to the viewer’s love of the show. If this piece has done anything, it has illuminated for many people the show’s depth and artistic vision, the true genius of David Chase and his writers, and how the show fu lfilled its early promise when the New York Times called the show â€Å"The greatest work of popular culture of the past quarter century† back in 1999. I cannot tell you how many e-mails I have receivedRead MoreUsing Biking And Bicycles By Sam Shupe897 Words   |  4 Pagesends up enjoying writing even less the more it is performed. However, the task of becoming a better writer and enjoying the process to your maximum ability, is aided by taking American Sweat with Sam Shupe. Throughout the course this semester, I have recognized my own writing and been able to successfully improve my ability to write as well as my ability to plan papers and research. Through methods used in my papers in drafts over the duration of the course I can show improvement and development ofRead MoreI Never Considered Myself A Bad Writer1021 Words   |  5 PagesI never considered myself a bad writer. Not to say that I am an expert writer either. Rather, I was good at looking at a prompt and fillin g in the requirements for an essay and getting a good grade. It was as though in high school my writing barely scratched the surface of the topic that was assigned. I looked at the text and took it only at face value, not considering deeper motivations and meanings behind the work. In the AP English Language and Composition class I took in my senior year of highRead MoreThe Third Artefact For My Portfolio1475 Words   |  6 Pagesidentify a business structure from the strategic plan and multi-year strategic goals and to reflect the potential for growth. Students were expected to include financial plans and a balanced scorecard reflecting and measuring an organization’s success. This 43-page document covered everything from Business visions, motivation product services, marketing schemes, governance process, to the Financial Plan for a for-profit company which was going to implement e-learning as the next major step to stand outRead MoreReasons For Social Science Research Ess ay1201 Words   |  5 PagesREASONS WHY SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCHERS PREFER TO USE QUANTITATIVE METHODS. Introduction: The main purpose of this article is to introduce some important fundamental concepts of quantitative research to readers, especially social science researchers. It comprises types of research, definitions of quantitative research, different types and assumptions of quantitative research, when to use and not to use quantitative methods, advantages, common approaches and samples of quantitative research, and

Credible Sources a Key to College Success Free Essays

Credible sources a key to college success College life can be pretty stressful and complicate it at times. There are several things that can help college life become easier and more manageable. One of the main things and if not the most important it will be the ability to identify and separate credible online sources from non-credible ones. We will write a custom essay sample on Credible Sources a Key to College Success or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is very true that technology has help make college life easier, with search engines such as Google or Bing at just one click away of distance. The only problem is that with so many choices to pick from how to tell if a source is even worth to look at without having to expend a great amount of time looking at each one through. Even though non-credible sources are easier to find, credible sources are more reliable because they are usually written by experts and have more substantial information in them. If we take a credible source like â€Å"Rising prevalence of cohabitation in United States may have partially offset decline in marriage rates† from the Family Planning Perspectives and compared against a non-credible sources like â€Å"Cohabitation in the United States† from Wikipedia, we can see that the article from the credible source has the components that help sort out a credible source from a non-credible. The article â€Å"Rising prevalence of cohabitation in United States may have partially offset decline in marriage rates† from the Family Planning Perspectives has the main things that you should look in a credible source. First of all I found the article in the CINAHL with Full Text database from the library most popular database list. I made sure I used the Boolean word Cohabitation in USA and I limit the results to only show full text and peer-review articles. The article is written in a very professional manner, also even though the article was written 1990; it has fairly recent review date of 2009. The information that the author explains is supported by numbers and statistics that help support her information. Some subgroups, such as cohabiting couples, single-parent families, stepfamilies, newlyweds, blacks and Hispanics, were oversampled. Interview questions emphasized cohabitation and the links between cohabitation and marriage. The final sample consisted of 6,881 married couples and 682 cohabiting couples; of these, 5,648 spouses and 519 cohabiting partners completed questionnaires (Vol. 22, Issue 2). In general most articles found in the library database re reliable, the only thing that is good to look for is if there is any biases in the article or reasons why the author may become bias, in the case of the author of this article Rebecca Turner is graduated it from the Southend University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Essex, UK, which in this case helps to her credibility as an author. On the other hand the article that I found in Wikipedia â€Å"Cohabitation in the United States† is not considered a reliable source. The main reason for this is because is a Wiki and also because I found the article in Google’s search engine. Wiki’s in general can be a good way to start a research but they should not be used as a primary source to support an essay, wikis are open source which means that anyone can attempt to make changes or alter the information that is portrayed there, which mean one article can contain information from many different people that have never met each other. Also some of the information does not sound very professional and lack citations. It should be noted this model cites antecedent apprehension concerning commitment as the cause of increased break-ups and cohabitation only as an indicator of such apprehension. Another explanation is that those who choose not to cohabit prior to marriage are often more conservative in their religious views and may hold more traditional views on gender roles, a mindset that might prevent them from divorcing for religious reasons or confronting crisis in relationships despite experiencing marital problems no less severe than those encountered by former cohabitants. citation needed] The fact that a citation is needed in that paragraph should be enough evidence to prove that wiki’s in general are not credible sources of information. In order for college life to be successful, a student should learn how to tell the differences between a reliable source of online information and a non-reliable one. Even though the articles in the library databases are more reliable than the ones found in Google, a student should always be on the look out and get as much information about the article and the author as possible, this would help the essay become a success. Work Cited Cohabitation in the United States. Wikipedia, 17 Sept. 2012. Web. 1 Oct. 2012. Turner, R. â€Å"Rising Prevalence of Cohabitation In United States May have Partially Offset Decline in Marriage Rates. † Family Planning Perspectives 22. 2 (1990): 90-91. CINAHL with Full Text. Web. 1 Oct. 2012 How to cite Credible Sources a Key to College Success, Essay examples

English Lit free essay sample

Limbo is a poem written by Edward Kamau Brathwraite about the difficulties faced by the Africans during the slave trade. Brathwraite uses the limbo dance as an extended metaphor and it is a lively, rhythmic poem. This creates more effect as the boat Journey to the Caribbean was a horrible experience for the Africans and all they had to keep their spirits up was the limbo dance. The poem begins with and which implies that this was not the start of the slave rade, and that it had been going on for a while. There are two main themes at the start of the poem; the limbo dance, and the slave ships. We will write a custom essay sample on English Lit or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The rhythm in the poem represents the limbo dance drum beat, which contrasts the mood of the poem as it was a sad time and the Africans aboard the slave ships were treated poorly. The limbo dance has an up-beat rhythm with the words limbo, limbo like me repeated like a song as they would have been on the slave ships. The beat of the drum on the hip emphasises the monotony and relentlessness of slave labour. Also, the tribal beat of the limbo dance recalls the slaves African roots. The middle section of the poem is like the middle of the voyage to the Caribbean. At this point, the dancer is right under the stick/limbo pole, Drum stick knock, and the darkness is over me. The descriptions of darkness and the slave ships are used to stress the living hell of slavery. The voyage of the ships is used as the long-term plight of generations of slaves. Also, the use of darkness emphasises Brathwraites hatred of the slave trade, and the cruelty the slaves had to suffer. It also shows his anger at the conditions of the cramped slave ship. The final section of the poem, the poet sees as the end of the suffering. This could represent the abolishment of the slave trade or the slaves exiting the slave ship. The conditions of the plantations at the Caribbean would have been a lot better than those of the slave ships which would have been a step up for the slaves. He comes out of the dark although where he ends up is unclear. The poet says and the music is saving me which could imply that he is celebrating the survival of the slaves and that he admires the bravery and strength of the slaves. The poet uses many techniques which emphasise the harshness and cruelty of the slave trade. The use of Juxtaposition where the limbo song contrasts the sad tone of the poem creates a deeper effect of the poem. The poem in general is a mixture of emotions, both negative and positive.

Does Parental Involvement and Poverty affect Childrens Education and their overall Performance

Abstract The purpose of this study will be to address the question of whether poverty and the involvement of parents in the education of their children will affect their overall performance.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Does Parental Involvement and Poverty affect Children’s Education and their overall Performance? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The discussion will look at the various ways in which parents are involved in the academic performance of children and also whether poverty affects the involvement of parents in the academic performance of their children. The various types of parental involvement will be examined as well how the measurement of children’s performance is based on this involvement. Introduction Various researchers have concluded that the involvement of parents in the education of children usually has a positive influence on their academic performance. Epstein et al (1 997) for example noted that the consistent effort of parents in the various stages of their children’s education had a positive effect on their overall performance. The researchers developed a model that would be used to explain the overlapping spheres of influence in a child’s education which included the family, the school and the society at large. Epstein et al (1997) noted that all these spheres had to have a relationship for them to meet the educational needs of the child. With regards to the types of involvement needed from the parents, Epstein et al identified six types of involvement that were based on the partnerships that the parents had with the school and the community. The six types of involvement included parenting where the skills used to raise children were used to enhance their learning abilities, communication where well maintained communication channels within the home improved the child’s performance in school, volunteering where parents who voluntarily participated in their children’s education improved their performance, learning from home where children were homeschooled by their parents, decision making and collaboration with the community where the society’s members were involved in the education of the child like for example neighbours participating in the tutoring of the child during school breaks while the parents are at work. Epstein et al (1997) noted that all of these types of involvement needed to be included in the education of the child so that there could be successful partnerships between the various stakeholders involved in the child’s education.Advertising Looking for coursework on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Coleman (1993) noted in his study that parental involvement acted as an intervening variable between the family background of the child and their academic performance in school. Other researchers that con ducted studies on parental involvement in children’s education were Hong and Ho (2005), Baker and Wiseman (2006) and Englund et al (2004) who all agreed that the involvement of parents in the education of the children had a positive influence on their overall academic performance. Children who experienced parent involvement in the school work and homework recorded higher grades than those who had little or no involvement from their parents. Jeynes (2005: 2011) in his meta-analysis of the topic concluded that parental involvement in the education of children had a positive influence on their academic performance and other educational outcomes. In terms of poverty, Hoover-Dempsey and Sandler (1997) noted that most low-income parents were reluctant to be involved in the education of their children as they were more concerned with providing food, clothing and shelter for their children. They identified three psychological factors which contributed to their lack of involvement in their children’s education and these were the family perceptions of the role of parents in their children’s education where low-income families viewed the school to have the primary role and responsibility when it came to their children’s education. The second psychological factor was that parents who were low-income earners had lower feelings of efficacy when compared to high or middle income earners and this translated into their belief of whether they had any impact on their children’s education. The third psychological factor according to Hoover-Dempsey and Sandler (1997) was that schools which served low-income families lacked the necessary efforts to involve parents in the education of their children.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Does Parental Involvement and Poverty affect Children’s Education and their overall Performance? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This l ead to lower parental involvement as most parents felt like they were being excluded from school and educational activities. Apart from these psychological factors, other reasons that were given as to why low-income parents were not involved in the education of their children included the communication styles used by school teachers and instructors, the amount of respect that teachers offered low-income parents and the recognition of diversity in the school setting where children from low-income families are treated the same as children from middle and high income societies (McDermott and Rothenberg 2000). Much of the research that has been conducted on whether parental involvement and poverty affects children’s education has examined various aspects such as the number of parents that volunteer in their children’s tutoring, the income-levels of the parents, the perceptions of low-income parents on educational involvement, the number of parents that attend school meetin gs and the characteristics of parents who are low-income earners and how these characteristics affect the educational achievement of their children (Baker and Soden 1997: Senechal and LeFevre 2002). Other researchers such as Cooper (2006) noted that the development of human beings within the family context acted as a mediation in the association that existed between poverty, the involvement of parents and the academic achievement of children. References Baker, A.J.L., Soden, L.M. (1997). Parent involvement in children’s education: A  critical assessment of the knowledge base Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, Illinois: ERICDocument Reproduction Service Baker, D., and Wiseman, A.W., (2006) The impact of comparative educational research  on institutional theory. Oxford, UK: Elsevier Coleman, J.S., (1993) Parents, their children and schools. Boulder: Westview PressAdvertising Looking for coursework on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Cooper, C.E., (2006) Family poverty, parental involvement in education and the  transition to elementary school. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Englund, M., Luckner, A., Whaley, G., and Egeland, B., (2004) Children’s achievement in early elementary school. Journal of Educational Psychology, Vol. 94, No. 4, pp 723-730 Epstein, J.L., Coates, L., Salinas, K.C., Sanders, M.G., Simon, B.S. (1997). School,  family and community partnerships: Your handbook for action. Thousand Oaks, California: Corwin Press. Hong, S., and Ho, H., (2005) Direct and indirect longitudinal effects of parental involvement on student achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, Vol. 97, No.1, pp 32- 42 Jeynes, W., (2005) The effects of parental involvement on the academic achievement of African American Youth. The Journal of Negro Education, Vol. 74, No.3, pp 260- 274 Jeynes, W.H., (2011) Parental involvement and academic success. Oxford, UK: Routledge McDermott, P., and Rothenberg, J., (2000) . Why urban parents resist involvement in their children’s elementary education. The Qualitative Report, Vol.5, No.3 Senechal, M., and LeFevre, J., (2002) Parental involvement in the development of children’s reading skills: a five-year longitudinal study. Child Development,  Vol. 73, No. 2, pp 445-460 This coursework on Does Parental Involvement and Poverty affect Children’s Education and their overall Performance? was written and submitted by user Giselle Daniels to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Green Research Within The Hospitality Industry Tourism Essays

Green Research Within The Hospitality Industry Tourism Essays Green Research Within The Hospitality Industry Tourism Essay Green Research Within The Hospitality Industry Tourism Essay Tourism is regarded as one of the fastest turning industry in the universe, transforming into a mean of development for several states, including many Small Island Developing states ( SIDS ) like Mauritius ( UNWTO, 2011 ) . Indeed has the Travel and Tourism industry brings many positive impacts in Mauritius but the fact that alongside with these advantages, other factors like clime alteration, Pollution and effects of touristry patterns have besides created a hot issue in the Tourism sphere today. The negative impacts of touristry activities has resulted in an increasing demand of green finish, intending finish where there are seeable attempts of protecting and prolonging the environment by covering with issues like C emanations, bio diverseness preservation, resources use, H2O supply and waste direction. It can be said that the touristry and the environment sustainability construct are visibly going natural spouses. The Hotel industry in peculiar has late received much attending, with consciousness of the negative impact that are holding on the environment ( Kasim, 2004 ) . Negative impacts include the extended sum of wash that hotels do on a day-to-day footing, the usage of disposable merchandises, heated swimming pools, and the usage of strong cleansing merchandises by housekeeping sections ( Gustin A ; Weaver, 1996 ) . Some negative impacts include the extended sum of wash that hotels do on a day-to-day footing, the usage of disposable merchandises, heated swimming pools, and the usage of strong cleansing merchandises by housekeeping sections ( Gustin A ; Weaver, 1996 ) . These impacts have urged many hotels to alter or modify their patterns so they are cognizant that this will non merely assist to prolong the environment but will besides be advantageous to the hotel besides in the long tally. By making and practising environment friendly patterns, hotels gain positive promotion, client tru eness, therefore a definite competitory border over rivals. ( Guskin A ; Weaver, 1996 ) : The addition concern of environment issues is surely holding an impact of hotel choice by visitants. A study by the U.K. s Devon County Council in 2009 shows that 54 % of respondents truly see environment issues before they book a trip to a peculiar finish. Further the study besides shows that 82 % of them were willing to paid more to remain in a green hotel which provides green services and cordial reception. Indeed therefore study gives an thought of tourer s attitude about green hotel and green patterns. In Mauritius many hotels like Beachcomber in Trou aux biches are traveling green. Although there have been research workers in green hotel in Mauritius, one major spread exists in respects to green hotel. researches have been largely carried out at organisational degree. However, there has non been any research yet so as to enable us to cognize what attitude the visitants are holding about these green hotels in our island. The chief intent of this survey is therefore to research the point of positions and attitude of foreign visitants towards the green hotels in Mauritius. The aims of the survey therefore encompass: To measure the visitant s attitude towards green hotels To measure of import factors taking into consideration by green visitants To place factors that visitants would hold like to see in Mauritius green hotels Literature Review Hotel Choice Nowadays clients no longer accept merely linen and towel reuse plans as being adequate green patterns in the green hotel construct. They expect more from green hotels and required their patterns to be even more socio-environmentally responsible. They consider factors that are taking to energy efficiency, a proper waste division, procurance, and H2O preservation ( Heisterkamp, 2009 ; Wolff, 2008 ) . Several researches have been conducted by utilizing several methods to analyze hotel choice and attributes that considered by travellers ( Dolnicar, 2002 ) . Past research has focused on the importance of properties in choosing a hotel ( Ananth, DeMicco, Moreo, A ; Howey, 1992 ; Callan A ; Bowman, 2000 ; Clow, Garretson, A ; Kurtz, 1994 ; Cobanoglu, Corbaci, Moreo, A ; Ekinci, 2003 ; Dolnicar, 2002 ; Griffen, Shea A ; Weaver, 1996 ; Lewis, 1984 ; Lewis, 1985 ; Lockyer, 2002 ; Lockyer, 2005 ; McCleary, Weaver A ; Hutchinson, 1993 ; Saleh A ; Ryan, 1992 ; Schaefer, Selum A ; Margavio , 1995 ; Tsaur A ; Tzend, 1995 ; Weaver A ; Oh, 1993 ) Green Research within the Hospitality Industry To understand who stays at green hotels every bit good as the beliefs consumers have about what a green hotel is and what they offer ; a definition of what a green hotel must foremost be discussed. Green hotels are environmentally friendly housing installations which employ direction that participate in and originate environmentally sustainable 10 plans. Plans such as watersaving techniques, energy decrease, and waste consolidation are often used within green hotels ( Green Hotel Association [ GHA ] , 2008 ) Reasons Hotels go Green Operating costs. A major ground as to why many hotels are traveling green is that environmental patterns can well cut down the operating costs of the hotel. It has been good documented in several surveies that economic benefits can be gained through implementing environmental enterprises ( Graci A ; Dodds, 2008 ) . For illustration, New Zealand s Hyatt Regency International Hotel installed an energy salvaging plan based on room tenancy. In many hotels, when a invitee leaves their room, all energy utilizing contraptions shut off, excepting necessary contraptions such as iceboxs and dismay redstem storksbills. This pattern entirely saves the hotel batch of money each twelvemonth ( Alexander, 2002 ) . Another benefit to cut downing operating costs is gaining a higher output per client. The Marriott located in College Park, Maryland is grounds of this as it uses 30 % less electricity than a comparable belongings ( DeLollis, 2007 ) . The College Park Marriott can therefore salvage 30 p er centum on its energy measures, every bit good as output a higher return per client than their rivals who charge similar rates and do non hold energy salvaging techniques in topographic point ( DeLollis, 2007 ) . Using statistics provided by the United States Green Building Council ( USGBC ) Butler ( 2008 ) was able to cipher how much hotels would hold to raise their mean day-to-day rate ( ADR ) to reflect a comparable underside line when compared to hotels energy nest eggs Harmonizing to Butler ( 2008 ) a limited service hotel that employed energy salvaging techniques that resulted in 30-50 per centum energy nest eggs. Competitive advantage It is going really hard to cover with ferocious competition presents. Green hotels create a competitory advantage for themselves by pulling and retaining their employees. Employee turnover is one of the biggest jobs and disbursals within the hotel industry. However, surveies have shown that environmentally witting hotels have greater employee trueness. A Canadian survey reported that employees are far more likely to place with an employer whose rules and patterns are in melody with current tendencies ( Graci A ; Dodds, 2008 ) . Environmental enterprises have shown to be a valuable manner to make passion and promote squad work to accomplish a cardinal end ( Graci A ; Dodds, 2008 ) . Team work must be inspired from the top down in a hotel. The Orchard Garden s general director, Stefan Muhle, said you merely ca nt direct out a memo, ( Dicum, 2007 ) All the staff have to be included forepart to endorse. Their bosom has to be in it ( Dicum, 2007 ) . Each staff member needs to be educ ated in what the hotel is making to accomplish sustainability ends so they can non merely take part, but besides answer guest inquiries ( Dicum, 2007 ) . By educating staff members, including them, maintaining them informed and disputing them to accomplish ends, direction of green hotels excites their staff and allows them to place with their organisation ; which leads to take down turnover rates. Lower turnover rates in bend save the hotel disbursals involved with recruiting, hiring, and developing new employees. The competitory advantages realized by green hotels do non halt with retaining employees ; consumers do seek out green hotels. Green hotels are going progressively popular due to the current environmental crisis that is happening worldwide. Green hotels are few and far between across non merely the United States, but besides the universe. Therefore, traveling green makes each belongings unique, and moreover creates a competitory advantage. Sustainable competitory advantag e exists with the ownership or a valuable resource that allows the organisations to execute better or more efficient than their rivals ( Graci A ; Dodds, 2008, p. 256 ) . The Cedar House Sport Hotel, for illustration, has gardens on the roof of their hotel. The gardens pull local birds and insects for invitees to detect, which in bend attracts more invitees. However, the gardens besides serve another intent, as they cool the hotel during the summer months ( Dicum, 2007 ) . In a survey of 445 travellers surveyed in three U.S. airdromes ( Atlanta, Dulles, and National ) , Gustin and Weaver ( 1996 ) found the bulk of their survey s respondents displayed positive attitudes towards hotels offering environmental schemes. Respondents were asked to bespeak how the offering of assorted environmental schemes would impact their determination to remain at a peculiar hotel offering the enterprises. Schemes examined included: recycling bins, shampoo dispensers, soap dispensers, efficient visible radiations, ice chest temperature in the corridors, warmer temperature in the corridors, visible radiations off, non altering sheets, non altering towels, no polystyrene froth, automatic spigots, low flow showerheads, recycled paper booklets, recycled paper for in room shows, and environmental schemes. Three variables, non altering towels daily, the installing of automatic spigots, and the installing of low flow showerheads, were the lone three environmental enterprises that did non derive a bulk feeling from respondents in respects to the likelihood they would remain in a hotel offering such environmental schemes. Seventy-one per centum of respondents besides stated that they would be highly likely or likely ( Gustin A ; Weaver,2008 ) to remain in a hotel supplying environmental enterprises ( Gustin A ; Weaver, 1996 ) . By take parting in green attempts, single hotels can make a positive company image that can besides ensue in a competitory advantage for non merely their hotel but besides the parent trade name ( Graci A ; Dodds, 2008 ) . For illustration, invitees who frequent Starwood s Element in America hotel may seek out other Starwood belongingss in other locations because they appreciate their environmental attempt put away with the Element. In Europe, there is strong g rounds that consumers consider the environment in taking a vacation location harmonizing to the consequences of the 2000 FEMATOUR ( Honey, 2002 ) . The FEMATOUR, or feasibleness and market survey for a European Eco-label for tourer adjustments, was used to find if a market existed for eco-labeled tourer adjustments and how executable the market was to entree ( Consultancy and Research for Environmental Management, 2000 ) . Consumer demand The demand for green hotels across the universe proves to be reasonably consistent as shown in a figure of surveies. The figure of people willing to seek out environmentally friendly hotels is comparatively low in comparing to the hotel industry as whole. However, environmentally witting consumers create an increasing demand for the green hotel niche. A survey conducted in India which surveyed Indian housing consumers about their attitudes towards green patterns in the housing industry showed that 22 per centum of the respondents seek out environmental belongingss ( Manaktola A ; Jauhari, 2007 ) . In the United States, 43,000,000 travellers are environmentally concerned ( Greening your travel experience, 1998 ) . Gustin and Weaver ( 1996 ) found that 73.7 per centum of respondents considered themselves environmentally witting consumers ; while 54.3 per centum idea of themselves as environmentally witting travellers. In a survey of Swedish and Polish hotelkeepers and the influence of geo-political, economic, and socio-cultural contexts of their states on environmental attitudes, in both Sweden and Poland, client demand ranked 2nd among seven classs as grounds hotels implement environmental patterns ( Bohdanowicz, 2006 ) . The hotel s principle for using environmental patterns were: cut downing operating costs, increased consumer demand for environmental patterns, decreasing environmental impacts of the hotel, bettering the image of the hotel, environmental patterns could be used as a selling plus, recommendations from direction and handiness of professional advice was increasing ( Bohdanowicz, 2006 ) .The consumer involvement in environmental enterprises creates a sensible mark market and a niche for hotels to carry through. For illustration, the Colony Hotel located in Maine found that their tenancy increased by one 4th when they began positioning themselves as a green hotel ( Shaw, 2000 ) . Barriers to Environmental Commitment in the Hotel Industry The words sustainability green and environmental have been attached to several touristry merchandises and finishs, particularly as portion of selling schemes and enfranchisement plans, nevertheless how sustainable or green or environmentally committed a touristry merchandise or finish is has non ever been clear. Sustainability is now seen as a cant, instead than an action program ( Henderson 2007 ) . In the last decennary, a figure of environmental enterprises have been implemented by enlightened touristry industry associations, hotel companies and single installations. A figure of environmental guidelines have been developed by assorted touristry organisations, such as the International Hotel and Restaurant Association, the American Hotel and Lodging Association and the International Hotel Environment Initiative ( IHEI ) ( Bohdanowicz, 2005 ) . Hotel companies are besides fixing their ain action programs and developing plans in environmental protection ( Bohdanowicz 2005 ) . T he Inter-Continental Hotels Group and Fairmont Hotels and Resorts have been noted as leaders in environmental committedness in the touristry industry. Yet despite the fact that most operators acknowledge the importance of the environment to their concern, environmental patterns are non widespread in this industry ( Anguera et al. 2000 ; Pryce 2001 ) . This can be aoˆ„?ributed to a figure of grounds. The construct of a green hotel is non easy grasped by many installation operators, as this industry bases its concern on sensed luxury, luxury and magnificence ( Iwanowski and Rushmore 1994 ) . There are besides hindering factors such as cost and the complex, varied construction of the industry that hinder the ability of single companies to do paces towards being environmentally commioˆ„?ed ( Graci 2008 ; Henderson 2007 ; Anguera et al. 2000 ; Pryce 2001 ) . Not to advert that the deficiency of information and the demand to portion best patterns have besides acted as an hindrance ( Graci 2008 ) . The deficiency of authorities ordinances on the touristry industry and the focal point on voluntary enterprises have resulted in low regulative force per unit areas ( Anguera et al. 2000 ; Pryce 2001 ) . In this industry, there is besides a important figure of little and medium- sized hotels that do non see the benefit, cost or otherwise of implementing environmental enterprises ( Pryce 2001 ) . Finally, client demand for green hotel installations has non been strong plenty ( Pryce 2001 ) . For these grounds, there is a spread between aoˆ„?itude and action in the hotel industry ( Iwanowski and Rushmore 1994 ; Anguera et al. 2000 ; Pryce 2001 ) . Research Methodology Customers perceptual experience on Green hotel has non truly beeen studien in the past until late ( Lee et al. 2010 ) . This chapter therefore lays accent on research instrument design, trying technique, pilot survey and aggregation. Sample size This survey focuses on researching tourer attitudes and behavior towards green hotels in Mauritius. Original paper study A paper study, that is a questionnaire, was set up and which were further divided into seven subdivisions. Section A

American study final paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

American study final paper - Assignment Example His essay is a detailed analysis of the many examples of advertisements to support this claim. In this essay, the main aim is to show how these different facets of the American culture influence the nature of advertisements. America is considered the most egalitarian society of past and present age. In fact, it is the world’s largest democracy and, therefore, advocates for social equality of its citizens, a populist view. This is one of the two faces of the American dream, the other being an elitist view. This view of the American dream is widely exploited by manufacturers as a way of manipulating consumers to buy their products (Solomon, 543). The status of Americans’ fears, hopes, beliefs, and even desires provide a necessary opportunity for advertisers to make their advertisements appealing to the American people. The desire of the people to feel accepted in society is particularly exploited in such a way that consumers will want to identify with the product to ‘qualify’ as due citizens of the country. These advertisements are specially designed to create a symbolic association between the product and what the target consumers most covet. Manufacturers are, therefore, quick to point out that their products are made, or designed on American soil. One aspect of the American dream is that it encourages the desire to belong and feel part of the country’s culture. This aspect has been the subject of many advertisements that transform economic products into signs of belonging. The incorporation of such common icons of American culture as country music, farmyards and family picnics in an advert makes it more appealing to a broader audience. For instance, a Jack Daniel’s advertisement emphasizes the egalitarian and down-home nature of its product. The feeling of belonging to that culture can influence a buyer

BUS599 MoD 1 Case Assign Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

BUS599 MoD 1 Case Assign - Essay Example Whole Foods Market tangible resources are categorized into the three dimensions: organizational resources, the financial resources, physical resources, and technological resources. Its core values include selling of the highest organic and natural products, satisfaction of the customers, support of the team member excellence and happiness, caring about the environment and our communities, and creation of wealth through growth and profits. Through the core values, the company has developed aids through core competencies, which give them a competitive advantage among its competitors. Whole Food Market’s strategy goals is based on supply and demand and placement. The company is actively determined to meet supply and demand by investing a great amount of resources into political reform in regard to organic farming, carrying out R&D to provide high quality products & services, & engagement in outsourcing to ensure efficient production of its products and services (Harasta and Hoffman, 2007). On the side, placement acts as a guidance for setting strategic goals such as; development of the supportive nutritional, investment in the sales and financial research, etc. (wholefoodsmarket.com, n.d.: 2011) Based on the financial reports from the fiscal years, 2005 to date, the profit margin for Whole Food Market has been generally decreasing (United Natural Foods, 2011; UNFI, 2011). The decrease has been largely attributed to the rising costs of goods and increased debts. In addition, compared to its competitors, Whole Foods Market has recorded low EPS and extremely low revenues (McLindon, et al., 2012). According to Yahoo Financials, Whole Foods Market capitalization has increased. The marketing of Whole Foods Market is not that effective as compared to its competitors hence necessitating the need for R&D to help it maintain a steady and upward market capitalization, which is essential in

Reality Television shows Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reality Television shows - Essay Example Reality television began back in the 1950s. The show that is dubbed as â€Å"the granddaddy of reality TV† was a show known as Candid Camera. This show aired in 1948, and it was basically centered on taping how people would react to pranks, much like Punk’d. This show was responsible for placing hidden cameras or microphones in backyards or households, they were already there in the eyes and ears of concerned and vigilant citizens encouraged by government propaganda to report any signs of â€Å"un-American† activity (Holmes and Jermyn, 35). The very first Miss America pageant was aired in 1954, making the winner an instant celebrity. Since then, there have been many reality shows that have taken the nation by storm. Shows such as The Dating Game, An American Family, Big Brother, The Real World, American Idol, and so much more. People keep coming back to the show because they can associate to it, they fact that it’s unscripted makes the characters on the sh ow more relatable, and it offers you an inside view to almost anywhere. The hidden camera could document the world of institutions, from the judiciary system to the mental hospital (Oullette and Murray, 25) There are many genres on the reality TV front; one that is picking a lot of fans is the Reality competition genre. These shows follow the format of non-tournament elimination contests. The common scenario is the participants are filmed competing to win a prize, often living together in a confined environment. Usually, it goes on until only one person or one team is left, and they’re declared the winner/s. The elimination can be done either by voting, or by judges selecting who passes through. Examples of such shows are Big Brother, American Idol, America’s Got Talent, Star Search, etc. These shows don’t just come to mind. Social scientists continue to serve as consultants in reality TV to this day, screening contestants for shows and helping to design situati ons and guidelines for interaction (Oullette and Murray, 26). One show that has captivated is Survivor. This show was created in 1997 by Charlie Parsons. It premiered on May 31, 2000 on CBS. It was hosted by Jeff Probst and produced by Mark Burnett. As a result of the show, the latter has a second career as a management consultant, serving as motivational speaker and helping executives develop skills to compete effectively in the corporate â€Å"jungle† (Oullette and Murray, 27). The show centers on a group of castaways in different tribes left out in the middle of nowhere, and they must search and provide their own food, shelter, water, fire and they must look out for themselves. There are weekly challenges where rewards such as fine food, or much-needed rest is offered. The last three or two that are left standing are usually left at the mercy of the other eliminated contestants. They vote for who should win, and the winner gets one million dollars. This show has experience d a lot of success. It is commonly considered the â€Å"mother of American reality TV† because it experienced high ratings and was very profitable. It’s currently had twenty-two seasons and three-hundred and two episodes. Over the years, Survivor has been set in many different places such as Thailand, Polynesia, Australia, Malaysia, Vanuatu, Panama, to name a few. The most recent season is based in the beach of San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua.

The Hurt Locker Analysis Film Studies Essay

The Hurt Locker Analysis Film Studies Essay The Hurt Locker is a movie written by Mark Boal and directed by Kathryn Bigelow. It displays combat at its best in Iraq. The movie reflects on the celebrated life of a soldier and is entitled, war is a drug. The soldier vividly displays war as a drug that needs to be taken by all soldiers at all times of their lives for their survival. The writer depicts this through the display of the paralyzing life of a soldier in war. She emphasizes this through the main character whose daring nature puts him at loggerheads with his colleagues (Eldridge and Sanborn) (Olsen, 2008).This paper analyze critically, the Hurt Locker with a specific focus on conflicts, symbols as well as irony presented in the movie. Various conflicts are displayed in the movie, first, when James is hired to replace the previous team leader, Sergeant Thompson. With his experience in war, he conflicts with the rest of the soldiers owing to his aggressive nature and failure to follow protocol. The soldiers find James ways reckless and disturbing but his spontaneity is seen to assist them soldier on to the end. Further James conflicts with Sanborn while trying to pursue the suspects of a petrol oil tanker that had exploded. Sanborn argues that the work should be left to the three platoons in the area. James however wins him over (Ressner, 2008). Again, an external conflict is encountered while driving back to their camp, the three soldiers, Eldridge, Sanborn and James come into conflict with five mercenaries who engage them in battle but they manage to kill after a long struggle. In another scene, the James teams set out to plant an explosion in a desert and they leave. James returns to the site, where the explosive s are already rigged to detonate, to pick up his gloves, which he had forgotten. Sanborn loudly ponders about killing James by deliberately making the explosion explode on him. Eldridge is does not concur with him and is hence unhappy. The theme most featured in the video is that of soldiers dying for their country in patriotism. This is cleared portrayed in the sacrifices made by leaving their families to fight for their countries. At the end of the movie features James with his little son, he recalls the war and contemplates going back to the battlefield. Later he goes back to the battlefield portraying his addiction to war. Other subthemes include violence and war seen in the encounters of the soldiers dismantling bombs and fighting enemies who attack. The filming of the movie in Iraq explains this theme clearly since it is known as a war country (Nott, 2009). The director of the movie integrates principally very shaky and obscure scenes in the movie to portray the uncertainty that hits the soldiers in addition to the danger they face. Iraqis are seen peeping through cracks of buildings, fences and on balconies; this isolates the American soldiers (James, Sanborn, and Eldridge) as being in a suspicious territory. This indirectly portrays these people watching from afar, as people who could set up an explosion on the US soldiers. The stereotype surrounding the towel headed terrorist is personified within the hurt locker. It is implied in the sniper scene at the UN building and depicted by the group of men and women pushing the cart after learning of the body bomb. This denotes the Iraqi as untrustworthy (Tobias, 2009). The American soldiers tend to sympathize with a 12 year old boy, Beckham who displays a flawed character resembling an American teenager. Despite his character, James sympathizes with him and attempts to befriend him. Beckam symbolizes the American culture. Later on Beckams body is found with a bomb implanted in his chest. This makes James go in pursuit of the assailants who did the deadly act. The scenes of a body bomb discovered put the Iraqi citizens in bad light through stereotypes (Olsen, 2008). This symbolizes the American foreign policy. As James dislodges the bomb in the boys chest this symbolizes Americas efforts to liberate and bring democracy in Iraq, the body bomb being a product of the Iraqis. This also serves the purpose of cleansing the view of American soldiers universally as connecting with the locals to help them. This is depicted clearly by James mistaken identity of the body bomb. The setting greatly influences the featured characters. Arid desert scenes and streets with small tunnel like alleyways with debris allover signify the battlefield. Chaos and disorganization is portrayed by explosions at every instance. The only orderly and peaceful place is the US camp victory .These two conflicting images reflect the US foreign policy of bringing forth order and liberation to the Iraq citizen. Dialogue in the movie depicts stereotypes of various kinds. The US soldiers are seen in engaging in slang talk throughout the radio communications. This portrays the superiority complex of the US soldiers with regard to the foreign policy. This is also a depiction of how the US soldiers carry themselves in the battlefield (Ressner, 2008). Bigelow, constructs the movie without favoring any side, this puts him in a state of political balance rather than politically driven level. This he does by balancing the preconception of the audience about Iraq and loose truth about the same. The use of camera angles and dialogue instigates suspense and represent the stress intensity by highlighting the suspicions and insecurity of the setting. The scene before the colonel Cambridges death where he speaks in a demining tone attempting to dismiss the group of Iraq citizens who leave an explosive device close to him. This scene degrades the intelligence of the Iraqi citizens and instigates in the viewers a terrorist image due to the bombing that results. The figure colonel Cambridges reflects the inability of the US forces to adequately understand the people of Iraq. Cambridge is the most intelligent man within the soldiers and the only US casualty expressing the notion that intelligence does not equal to superiority in a dangerous en vironment (Nott, 2009). Inhumanity of the war is depicted when Reed, a colonel congratulates James for his brevity. This shows the Americas brutality when he further claims that James will not make it after which follows gunshots. This clearly portrays a balance in the political sides of Iraq and America as this shows the brutality of the American side. The presence of British mercenary dressed in hajji clothing depicts the inability of the Americans to know the difference. This shows the Americans as being human in a variety of ways (Tobias, 2009). Irony is clearly displayed by the title of the movie whereby the war is depicted as a drug. This is an ironical of the normal situation where human beings like peaceful engagement with each other. At the end of the movie, James is seen as an addict of war. He misses life in war and finally goes back to war, depicting an irony (Olsen, 2008). In sum, the hurt locker depicts the title war is a drug. This is shown in its main character, James whose addiction to war leads him to going back to war each time. This title is ironical since in normal situations, a human being may never crave for war. Various conflicts are displayed especially concerning James spontaneous behavior. At some instance, Sanborn reflects accidentally killing James. The colleagues also fall into conflict with a group of Arab mercenaries but they emerge victorious after numerous confrontation. The movie is symbolic in most instances, first the setting of the movie is in a desert with scenes depicting disorganization and chaos with a touch of Iraq. The only orderly and organized place is the victory camp of the US reflecting the efforts of the united states of liberating Iraq. Their friendliness to the 12-year-old boy shows the effort of the Americans at interacting with the Iraq to solve their indifference. American soldiers are depicted as having a supe riority complex in their dialogue with each other and in their belittling of the hajji soldiers. There is however a balance of political sides where the director portrays the Americans brutality in addition to showing the ruthlessness of the Iraq people. This way he wins in his depiction of lack of favoritism. In totality this movie portrays the title war is a drug.

The Wasp Factory Essay -- essays research papers

â€Å"A Gothic horror story of quite exceptional quality...macabre, bizarre and...quite impossible to put down.† The above quote is the response of the Financial Times to the best-selling novel, â€Å"The Wasp Factory†, and in my opinion, truer words were never spoken. I myself had to force the book out of my hands in the early hours of the morning on several occasions. This clearly says something about the sheer power of Iain Bank’s debut novel. Whether you love it or hate it, once you have read the first page you are instantly struck by it’s brilliance. Throughout this essay, I intend to explore the mind and characteristics of the main character, Frank Cauldhame. Throughout the story, Frank’s character is brought out through his experiences, of which the most important are possibly the three murders he commits. I am not going to explore how he commits these terrible crimes, but rather why. Frank’s first victim is his cousin Blyth. He kills Blyth for a relatively simple reason, revenge. Blyth killed Frank and his brother Eric’s rabbits using a makeshift flame-thrower, which Eric had built himself. Eric is completely destroyed by this. So, a year later, Frank decides to settle the score with his cousin. Blyth had an artificial leg, and this was what gave Frank the chance to get even. One day, Frank and Eric, their younger brother Paul ( who is later killed ) and Blyth are lying in the sand. Frank goes for a walk to the Bunker and inside the dark, cold concrete pillbox , he finds an adder. He decides what he is going to do almost instantly. He catches the snake and bundles it into an old tin can. He then returns to the place where he left his cousin and brothers, and puts the snake into the artificial leg. Blyth’s death is slow and painful, and to Frank, this seems very appropriate. The way he sees it, Blyth deserves to die feeling similar agony to th at which his rabbits must have felt, and Frank feels no remorse. He tells Eric that he â€Å"thought it was a judgement from God that Blyth had first lost his leg and then had the replacement become the instrument of his downfall.† Frank then proceeds to name the area where Blyth was killed as â€Å"The Snake Park† This statement is an early indicator of an essential feature of Frank’s character, and that is his belief in symbolism and destiny. We find another example of this when we analyse the death of Frank’s younger brother,... ...ncredible atmosphere around you as a reader. You feel as if you are right beside Frank throughout his incredible adventures, and this is a very important part of a story about a young mans life and experiences. It is not enough to simply read â€Å"The Wasp Factory,† you have to feel it and be a part of it. It is more than just a novel, it is a journey through the mind of an obsessive sixteen year old boy, where you learn to look at the world in a different light. This experience is especially profound for a Scottish reader because of the incredible perceptive use of dialect and setting. I will conclude with a powerful quote from the novel: â€Å"All our lives are symbols. Everything we do is part of a pattern we have at least some say in. The strong make their own patterns and influence other people’s, the weak have their courses mapped out for them. The weak and the unlucky, and the stupid. The Wasp Factory is part of the pattern because it is part of life and-even more so-part of death. Like life it is complicated, so all the components are there† I hope that this has provided you with a final insight into the twistedly genius mind that belongs to Frank Cauldhame, and also, Iain Banks.

Disease trends of the delivery healthcare systems Essay

Advances in global health and science have assisted the disease trends. It has become a never ending mission to protect public health and safety through the control and prevention of disease as well as injury and disability. There have been noted demographic changes in the past 50 years that have resulted from changing trends in child, maternal, and adult death rates (CDC, 2011). Among these are rises in obesity and aging. As these health concerns continue to climb we will have a greater impact on the delivery of services from health care. The importance of these trends assists in prevention and protecting one’s self from new diseases and illnesses as well as old ones. One of the noted trends in healthcare is aging. Focusing on the world’s age composition is one way to understand the impacts and changes in further years to come. According to the US Census Bureau (2013), the elderly population age 65 and older during the twentieth century composed one in every twenty five individuals. In the twenty first century, this same population composed one in every 8 (U.S. Census Bureau, 2013). This showed that the life expectancy of humans has become longer. According to the U.S. Census Bureau (2013), the population in the United States in the year of 2010 was 308.7 million. This indicated a near 10 percent increase over the past ten years. This same 2010 census showed that the elderly population composed 13 percent as opposed to only being 9 percent in the year of 2000. The notable change was determined that there were fewer people in the 65-75 age range but there were more individuals in the 75-85 age ranges. It proved that there were more increasingly elderly individuals reaching into their seventies and even eighties. This increase in age showed that life expectancy and advances in medicine have contributed to individuals living longer lives. This would indicate that as long as medicines and healthcare continued to advance, so would the elderly population in growth. Environmental factors directly contribute to population growth. For one, as the population continues to grow in size, the  natural resources and undeveloped land becomes utilized to accommodate this expansion. Clearing the land and making it more desirable offers more room to continue additions in the population. This in turn offers an increase in the resources that can be utilized for healthcare and science in the creation of vaccines and medications. This increased development has also led to the finding of new resources such as unknown species of plants and animals. These newer found resources can be tested to see if they offer any properties in the expansion of healthcare and medications. The Medical Plant Consortium (2013) states, â€Å"Our major goal in this project has been to capture blue prints of medicinal plants for the advancement of drug discovery and development.† The medical plant consortium further adds well known medicines such as digoxin used for cardiac muscle stimulation comes from the fox glove plant and some of the chemotherapy medications such as vinchristine come from the periwinkle plant. Another noted environmental factor is that the population density has grown over the years. In addition to the population growth, land clearing has been increasing for the purpose of crops farmed for human consumption. The combination of needed developed land for farm crops and the growing population has only contributed to more land being cleared for further discoveries. Some of the changing demographics have been an increase in the population density. Over the years due to advancements in medications and healthcare improving the human life expectancy, th ere is an indicated increase of individuals per square mile than years prior. This is due to the slow development of land but also human life expectancy increasing. January 2011 ushered in the first of approximately 77 million baby boomers born from 1946 through 1964 and surging towards the gates of retirement. Each year 3.5 baby boomers turn 55.† This increase indicates that by 2030 there will be more than twice in the elderly population that in the year 2000 (Transgenerational, 2009). The aging trend is likely to experience an increase in the health issues of today. As we live longer there is more wear and tear to our bodies that developed the need for further medical assistance. As we age our blood vessels and arteries become stiffer causing the heart to have to work harder to function. The longer the heart has to function under this strain, the more likely complications will occur. These factors are directly linked to high blood pressure and cardiovascular diseases. In addition with aging,  ones bones tend to lose bone mass. This not only weakens t hem increasing the risk for fracture but effects muscle function. Over time muscles lose flexibility and strength. These factors contribute to arthritis. According to the CDC (2013), one of ever two persons will knee arthritis and one in every four will develop hip arthritis. This clearly supports that disease and illness will become more likely as we age. In order to reduce health related problems in aging one should remain fit and incorporate an exercise regimen into their daily life. In addition eating a healthy diet, not smoking, managing stress and taking a daily supplement can help prolong age related diseases (CDC, 2013). Currently the obesity rate in the United States is nearly two of every three persons (Surgeon general, 2009). Research has shown that the united states have the highest population of obesity. A report done from July 2013 shown that the united stated passed the obesity rates of Mexico (Medical News Today, 2013). The U.S. obesity rate has grown from 13 percent in 1960 to 32 percent in 2004 (surgeon general, 2009). References: 1- Centers of Disease Control (CDC), 2010. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/distrnds.html 2- Department of Health and Human services, 2012. http://www.aoa.gov/AoARoot/Aging_Statistics/index.aspx 3- U.S. Census Bureau, 2013. http://www.census.gov/population/socdemo/statbriefs/agebrief.html 4- U.S. Census Bureau, 2011. http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-03.pdf 5- PHYS.org, 2013. http://phys.org/news/2011-12-medicinal-benefits.html 6- Transgenerational- design matters, 2009. http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm 7- Mayo clinic, 2013. http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/aging/HA00040 8- Surgeon general, 2009. http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/news/testimony/obesity07162003.html 9- Medical News Today, 2013. http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/265556.php

Word Lab 2 Ch 3

————————————————- Jonner Public Library Jonner Public Library 4992 Surrey Court, Jonner, MA 02198 ? 291-555-9454 ? Web Address: www. jpl. net March 10, 2012 Mr. Brent Jackson 5153 Anlyn Drive Jonner, MA 02198 Dear Mr. Jackson: Thank you for registering online for our spring classes. As a library patron, you are aware that we offer a great deal more than books and magazines. The table below outlines the classes for which you have registered, along with the dates and locations: Class| Date| Location|Intro to Windows 7| April 10| Room 10B| eBay Basics| April 18| Room 24C| Genealogy Searches| April 24| Room 10B| Overview of Office 2010| April 28| Room 22A| Note that all classes, regardless of date, begin at 10:00 a. m. and last four hours. Although no materials or textbooks are required for the classes, you are strongly encouraged to bring the following items: * Pens, pencils, or other writing implements * Blank CD or DVD to store documents and notes created during class * Notebook or loose-leaf binder for handwritten notes Your valid library card to verify enrollment eligibility Please note that no food or drinks are allowed in any of our computer facilities. If you have any questions or would like to register for additional courses, please contact me at (291) 555-9454 or via e-mail at [email  protected] net. Again, thank you for your interest in and continued patronage of Jonner Public Library. We look forward to seeing you when your first class begins. Sincerely, Marcia Lawrence Head Librarian

Anne Hutchinson essays

Anne Hutchinson essays Was Anne Hutchinson such a threat to the Massachusetts Bay Colony? Anne Hutchinson was a middle aged house wife who in 1638 was forced to leave her town and her life behind her, as she was excommunicated and banished from the puritan community. Like many religious zealots Anne and her family had fled from the unjust rule of the English church and boldly set forth to the new world. Anne and her family where prominent members of the puritan church and where widely respected in Boston Massachusetts. Anne was an educated, enlightened and an opinionated woman. Because of this free-thinking nature Anne was open to sharing her knowledge and did so by inviting people to here home on a set day every week. (page20) Here guests would be introduced to a variety of liberal and reformist views regarding many facets of the Puritan Church. At these meetings Anne was very informal and spread Antinomian beliefs that imbued a radical philosophy that Christians are not bound by established laws, especially moral laws, but should rely on faith and divine grace for sa lvation. (Confession page 26-27) Anne Hutchinson posed no physical danger to the citizens of the Massachusetts Bay area. However in a time when religious extremism was the backbone of society, Anne Hutchinsons extremist views threatened the puritan lifestyle by disregarding the foundations of the conservative puritan church. This kind of activity was considered unlawful in that the New World puritan settlement was though of as a grand holy mission (page 13) the success of which would provide a template for reforming religious world order. The Clerical as well as judicial bodies of Massachusetts recognized Anne as an antagonist to the Puritan mission. They quickly formulated a case to condemn Anne Hutchinson, thus making a statement to all other Antinomians that liberal ideology was not to be condoned. The case against Anne was loosely constructed and relied upon...

Epigenetic Modification in Human Thyroid Cancer Essay

Epigenetic Modification in Human Thyroid Cancer - Essay Example Neo-Darwinism, has been stretched to incorporate epigenetics from an evolutionary perspective and even from a Non-Lamarckian viewpoint, epigenetics does have an important role in evolution. Epigenetic changes are heritable in nature and in some cases large unexplained heritance of certain characters does take place yet this is important to maintain both genotypic and phenotypic variability. Epigenetic modifications are extremely crucial to maintain human body functions and improper functioning of these modifications can cause adverse health effects and lead to major diseases of the human body. Epigenetic events include modifications of the histone proteins and leads to regulation of chromatin structure and subsequently lead to alteration of the gene function. Researchers have identified deficiency of biotin as one of the major regulatory factors in modifying the chromatin structure. In fact, epigenetics involves the transgenerational transmittance of phenotypic characters which previously solely attributed to genetics. Transgeneration epigenetics refers to the inheritance of information from one organism to another. The transfer of certain characters for example maternal care have been studied. According to a study conducted by Champagne in 2008, epigenetic alterations helps in transferring of traits such as maternal care form the mother to the female off-spring, post-partum. Such transfers have mostly been attributed to epigenetics change sin neuronal and endocrine processes on the body.

How Reflective Practice Promotes Personal And Professional Development Essay

How Reflective Practice Promotes Personal And Professional Development of Teachers - Essay Example ing nature of the basic learning needs of children, youth and adults requires a broadening of the scope of basic education and redefining it to meet the needs of changing times. The changing dynamics of the social fabric in multicultural societies across the globe have increasingly become major challenges within the education system, especially in UK secondary school system. 2. Need for teacher development The quality and standard of teaching considerably influences students’ performance. The teachers need to evolve and develop appropriate skills to suit the changing needs of the pupils and raise their achievement level. It is important to understand the nature of teachers’ learning in order to exploit their competencies and promote new initiatives in teaching methodologies. Moreover, the key objective of a teachers’ development program is to challenge the status quo of existing knowledge to evolve a more creative way of teaching effectively (Craft, 1996). Teache rs’ teaching is also influenced by their beliefs, ideas and their life experience (Borko, 2004). Moreover, teachers should also be able to communicate effectively to transfer knowledge. Their ability to communicate and their expertise in the subject are a critical paradigm that must be constantly updated to include new approaches and ideas. Effective communication promotes the retention of knowledge and the development of a critical outlook amongst the students. Effective teaching is contextual as its efficacy can only be tested in the context of learning and the environment and support within which it is imparted. Thus, environmental changes vis-a-vis advancing technology, globalization, demographic changes etc. become challenging issues for teachers that significantly impact teaching. Though,... This paper approves that the need to identify and evaluate various parameters of reflective practices becomes an essential ingredient for teacher development. At the same time, many other issues like socio-psychological factors have significant impact on the metacognitive responses of the teachers. Thus, the behaviour, attitude, beliefs, value system etc. of the teachers have increasingly emerged as crucial elements within teaching process for eliciting positive responses from the students. Teachers learn what type of behaviour and attitude motivates students for higher achievement. When they change their behaviour to suit the needs of the students, they improve their teaching. This report makes a conclusion that the role of teachers is important within the field of education as they are proactively involved in the development of children and students into responsible citizens. Their professional development becomes necessary due to the evolving dynamics of the external environment. Reflective practices in the professional development of teachers help to identify shortcomings and promote wider understanding of the various methodologies that can be used to enable teachers to become more articulate and effective in teaching. Reflective practices therefore have gained popularity due to their active learning processes that constantly motivate teachers to improve. The various facets of reflective practice as discussed, reveal their importance in the overall development of teachers and how they contribute in adding value to the teaching.

Eco-Friendly Packaging Initiative - Heinz Essay

Eco-Friendly Packaging Initiative - Heinz - Essay Example There are several initiatives that this company has undertaken to ensure environmental stewardship. Some of the initiatives it is undertaking include sustainable agriculture, and manufacturing processes that are energy-efficient (Lamb, Hair, & McDaniel, 2011). It also engages in packaging initiatives that are eco-friendly. To ensure that the packaging used for their products are eco-friendly, there are laws that need to be observed. The initiative to use eco-friendly packaging is in line with the sustainability goals of the company. Use of alternative packaging materials is envisioned to lead to an absolute reduction of 15% of all packaging expenses. In addition to this, Heinz also aims to reduce the packaging currently used for the various brands and containers. The new packaging to be used includes recycled paper cartons and trays, and cartons that have not been bleached. The initiative will also see reduced use of steel, and resin. These measures are all an effort to facilitate ec o-friendly packaging. By making sure that the packaging used is not harmful to the environment is a statement of social responsibility on the side of the company. Environmental degradation has been a major concern for the world today. Governments have established laws that are aimed at protecting the environment, and preserving it for future generations. Pennsylvania has also a set of guidelines that direct companies on how they treat, and manage the environment. Elements of administrative laws that will affect most this initiative are those that are concerned with waste issues. Pennsylvania seeks laws, policies, and regulations that are founded on principles that encourage waste reduction, conservation, beneficial re-use, and recycling (Heinz, 2011). These are policies that will cut the costs of handling waste. Since Heinz deals with products for human consumption, it is affected by the Food Code of Pennsylvania. Under the Food Code, refuse, returnables, and recyclables have to be handled in a specific manner. This code, for instance, requires that these items be removed from the premises where they are used by either receptacles or vehicles. These equipments have to be designed in a manner such as to hold the material disposed in them. The receptacles are transported in a vehicle specifically for this purpose. In Pennsylvania, the laws under municipal waste management will affect most the initiative to recycle waste. This is because for the waste to be recycled, it has to first of all be collected in one area. Wherever the waste will be disposed waiting for recycling, strict guidelines have to be adhered to. By following the guidelines that the law requires, the company will be practicing safety for the citizens. Residual waste management requires a permit from administrators so as to make sure that companies do not ruin the environment. Steel is facing a ban in Pennsylvania, and thus Heinz Company is doing well in planning to reduce the use of the same mate rial in its products. According to the Pennsylvania code, a sales tax of 6 per cent is charged for every retail sale. Since Heinz deals with goods that are consumed at retail outlets, it has to price them with this in mind. By recycling the residual wastes from its products, Heinz cuts down on production costs (Commonwealth of Pennsylvania nd). These two factors need to be reflected in the price that consumers pay for the

Wildest Weather in the Solar System Essay Example for Free

Wildest Weather in the Solar System Essay On February 20 2012, me and my daughter went to the Gates Planetarium in Denver to see the showing of the Wildest Weather in the Solar System. The first thing we did was to walk around the Space Odyssey and explore some of the exhibit they had. Then we went to see the show which I must say was far more thrilling then I or my daughter could have imagined. When you first walk into the Space Odyssey you are amazed it almost looks as thought your walking on to a spaceship or what I would imagine it to be like. When you go thought the entrance you walk into a very long white tunnel with different colored lights all around you. The first exhibit we seen when we emerged from the tunnel was a very lager replica of the earth rotating around and also it look to be tilted my guess to represent the 23 1/2 tilt that the earth has. The next exhibit we seen was the recreation of the surface of mars or more specifically the Candor Chasma Canyons with 15,000 foot cliffs. The last exhibit we looked at before we had to go into the show was of a museum host talking about the Kuiper belt which is kind of like a asteroid belt but instead of being all rock, ice and metal the Kuiper belt is mostly frozen methane, ammonia and water. The wildest weather show was pretty amazing with the screen all around us creating a dome and every thing else being completely dark it make for a great experience me and my daughter shall not forget. First we travel to the sun and inside the core is a thermal nuclear fusion reactor creating energy which is transported to the surface where it becomes twisted in the powerful magnetic fields, the fields open up to allow burst of solar winds. Then we were off to Mercury who is in the path of the solar storms from the sun. The solar winds blast the atoms right off the planet creating a tail of particles stretching a million and a half km into space. Then we went on with are journey of the solar system to Venus. Venus has high winds and toxic clouds of sulfuric acid. On its surface Venus is a oven because of green house gases that are trap from the thick atmosphere of carbon dioxide as a result the average temperature is 460 degrees Celsius making it the hottest planet in the solar system. The last planet I’m going to tell you about that we visited is Mars. Mars is a frozen desert coated in layers of dust. Mars weather can create dust devils from the warming of the sun the hot air rises meeting the cold air to make Martian dust devils that can reach 8 km high. Also at certain times the wind can lift giant clouds of dust off the surface engulfing the planet in a globe dust storm. In all I would just like to say that from all I learned about the different planets in are solar system I think we are very lucky to have a unique place like earth to call home.

Interleukin-6 Levels in Early Diagnosis of Neonatal Sepsis

Interleukin-6 Levels in Early Diagnosis of Neonatal Sepsis Study of Interleukin-6 Levels in Early Diagnosis of Neonatal Sepsis Dr. Sonawane Vijay B., Dr. Mehkarkar Nitin S., Dr. Jadhav Pradnya B., Dr. Gaikwad Sonali U., Dr. Kadam Nitin N. Department of Pediatrics, MGM Medical College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, INDIA ABSTRACT Introduction: Neonatal septicemia is one of the commonest causes of neonatal mortality and morbidity. Interleukin-6 Levels appears to be one of the most promising candidate cytokine for early diagnosis of neonatal septicemia. The aim and objectives of this study was to study the role of IL-6 levels as an early marker for diagnosis of neonatal sepsis and to compare IL-6 levels with other septic markers. Materials and Methods: This is a hospital based prospective study to evaluate the efficacy of IL-6 as an early diagnostic marker of neonatal sepsis. Eighty neonates, delivered in the hospital, having risk factors for neonatal sepsis, along with those coming to hospital with signs and symptoms of sepsis up to 28 days of life (as study group ) along with normal newborns admitted to the postnatal ward without high risk factors (control group) were enrolled for this study. Results: IL-6 Levels has shown maximum Sensitivity of 95.83%, Specificity of 87.50%, Positive Predictive Value of 92 %, Negative Predictive Value of 93.33 % and Accuracy of 92.50 %. E.Coli was the most common organism responsible for sepsis. CRP was reported to be highly sensitive(84.21%), and CBC was highly specific (75.00%), IT ratio has sensitivity of 62.5% and specificity of 56.25% while Micro-ESR has shown sensitivity of 50.0% and specificity of 62.5%, Out of 80 cases, blood culture (BacTalert) showed growth in 48 cases in study group while two cases in control group. Thus blood culture positivity was 60%. Conclusion: IL-6 test has maximum sensitivity as well as specificity in comparison with other septic markers. Blood culture is the gold standard for the diagnosis of septicemia.CRP is most sensitive while CBC is most specific marker in neonatal sepsis. KEY WORDS: Neonatal Sepsis, Diagnostic Markers, Mortality, IL-6 Levels. INTRODUCTION Neonatal Septicemia is the leading cause neonatal mortality and morbidity in India. It is estimated that 20% of all neonates develop sepsis1 and is responsible for 30-50% of total neonatal death in developing countries2. Accurate and timely diagnosis of neonatal sepsis still remains a major challenge to the pediatricians and neonatologists. Mortality due to neonatal sepsis is preventable and if diagnosed early the outcome is better. Several indicators have been evaluated as septic screen for the early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis like CBC, CRP, Micro-ESR, IT ratio, and Blood Culture. There is a constant search for better and ideal diagnostic marker. Ideal marker should be sensitive, specific and easily available. Its results should be immediate and reproducible. Recently various new markers are being studied such as IL-6, TNF-ÃŽ ±, Procalcitonin, G-CSF etc. IL-6 is an inducer of hepatic protein synthesis which promotes production and liberation of CRP and can be detected early when t here is bacterial bloodstream invasion. It appears to be one of the most promising candidate cytokine for early diagnosis of neonatal septicaemia.3,4 In the present study conducted at Mahatma Gandhi Mission Medical College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, IL-6 levels were assessed in normal healthy newborns as well as newborns with high risk factors for sepsis and the usefulness of IL-6 was evaluated as an early marker for sepsis detection and its effectiveness was compared with other septic markers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study Design: A prospective study design was used to evaluate the efficacy of IL-6 as an early diagnostic marker of neonatal sepsis. This is a hospital based study conducted in M.G.M Medical College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai. Study Period: July-2005 to August-2007 Sample Size: Eighty neonates, delivered in the hospital, having risk factors for neonatal sepsis, along with those coming to hospital with signs and symptoms of sepsis up to 28 days of life (as Study Group) also normal newborns admitted to the postnatal ward without high risk factors (Control Group) were enrolled for this study. Newborns were treated with antibiotics for clinical evidence of sepsis positive septic score as per neonatal sepsis score system (Table 1). Table 1: Neonatal sepsis score system5 Score1=risk of infection, Score2=need septic work up to exclude, Score 3 or more=investigate and treat A detailed history was taken and examination was done. Following laboratory tests were done as soon as presumptive diagnosis of sepsis was made based on septic score system and on clinical grounds. All investigations were done within 24 hours of birth or at presentation before starting antibiotics like IL-6 levels, CBC, CRP with titer, Micro ESR, Immature to Total (IT) ratio, peripheral smear for toxic granules and band forms, blood culture (BacTalert), x-ray chest, CSF whenever indicated etc. Soon after birth, 1 ml of venous blood was drawn for blood culture. Also 5 ml of venous blood was collected for TLC, DLC, peripheral blood smear, micro-ESR and CRP. CRP was sent at 12 hours of life in newborns with high risk factors for sepsis. This study was approved by Ethical Committee of this hospital. Informed Written Consent was obtained from parents before entry into this study. Information of selected neonates including detailed history and clinical examination was recorded on a predesi gned proforma. Interleukin-6 Levels Determination3,4 : 1 ml blood was collected in plain bulb and serum was tested by Chemiluminescent Immunometric technique in IMMULITE Machine1000 (Table 2). IMMULITE 1000 IL-6 is a solid phase, enzyme labeled, Chemiluminescent sequential immunometric assay. The use of an ultracentrifuge is recommended to clear lipemic samples. Volume required – 100  µL serum, EDTA or Heparinized Plasma (Sample cup must contain at least 250  µL more than the total volume required). Interpretation6,7: Table 2 – Interpretation Guide for Immune Monitoring DATA ANALYSIS Data was collected, classified, tabulated and analyzed. Tests of significance were applied at appropriate places and interpretation was done accordingly. To evaluate the difference between the categories, McNemar Chi Square test was used as a test of significance. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Of total of 80 cases, with risk factor and clinical signs and symptoms of sepsis (40 cases as study group) and normal healthy newborns without risk factors (40 cases as control group). The study group consists of 28 males (70%) and 12 females (30%) while control group consists of 21 males (52.50%) and 19 females (47.50%). Among 40 babies of study group, 24(60%) are blood culture (BacTalert) positive and 16 (40%) are blood culture (BacTalert) negative while in control group, 1(2.50%) is blood culture (BacTalert) positive and 39(97.50%) are blood culture(BacTalert) negative (Fig. 1). Fig. 1: Bar Chart Showing Distribution of Cases According to Blood Culture In study group, E-coli comprised the maximum number of cases accounting for sepsis i.e. 7 (17.5%) followed by 5 cases (12.5%) of Acinetobacter baumanii, 5 cases (12.5%) of Klebsiella Pneumoniae, 2 cases(5%) each for Citrobacter and Staphylococcus aureus and 1 case (2.5%) has shown Pseudomonous Sp., Burkholderia cepacia and Fungus while no growth in 16 (40% ) cases. In control group, only 1 case (2.5%) shows growth of Acinetobacter baumanii and 39 cases (97.5%) are sterile (Fig. 2). Bhargava et al8 noted in their study that the incidence of E.Coli as the causative organism of neonatal sepsis was 45%. Mirfet al9 in their study of 50 cases also showed similar results. McCraken10 , Faridi and Gupta11 , Kumar GD et al12 have also reported that gram negative septicemia is more common than gram positive septicemia Study Group Control Group Fig. 2: Pie Chart Showing Distribution of Cases According to Microbiological Growth on Blood Culture Out of 40 cases in study group, CBC is abnormal in 13 cases (32.5%), Blood Culture (BacTalert) was positive in 24 cases (60%) and 4 cases (10%) has CBC abnormal with sterile blood culture. In this study CBC had low sensitivity (37.50%) and high specificity ( 75.00%). Chan and Ho13 revealed in their study that abnormal CBC had the lowest sensitivity and PPV while abnormal ANC had the lowest specificity and NPV among them. (Fig. 3) Fig. 3: Bar Chart Showing Distribution of Cases According to CBC Out of 40 cases in study group, CRP is reactive in 31 cases (77.5%), Blood culture is positive in 24 cases (60%) and 15 cases (37.5%) are having CRP reactive with sterile blood culture. In this study CRP was reported most sensitive (84.21%) but low specific(28.57%), Franz AR et al14 showed that there is generally a delay of up to 24 hours between onset of symptoms of infection and a rise in serum CRP. Sensitivity of the test at presentation is only 40% that is, 60% of subsequently proven sepsis episodes will have a normal initial CRP. (Fig. 4). Fig. 4: Bar Chart Showing Distribution of Cases According to CRP Out of 40 cases in study group, IT Ratio is abnormal in 22 cases (55%), Blood Culture is positive in 24 cases (60%) and 7 cases (17.5%) are having IT Ratio abnormal with sterile blood culture. In our study IT ratio was reported NPV of 50.0%. Ghosh et al15 studied 103 high risk neonates having predisposing perinatal factors or clinical suspicion of sepsis and found that an abnormal immature to total neutrophil (IT) ratio were the most sensitive indicators in identifying neonates with sepsis showing high negative predictive value over 94%. (Fig. 5) Fig. 5: Bar Chart Showing Distribution of Cases According to IT Ratio Out of 40 cases in study group, Micro-ESR is abnormal in 18 cases (45%), Blood Culture is positive in 24 cases (60%) and 6 cases (15%) has Micro ESR abnormal with sterile blood culture. In our study Micro-ESR has shown sensitivity of 50.0%, specificity of 62.5. K.K. Diwakarand Rosul G16 studied on 114 term neonates for early neonatal sepsis. The sensitivity and specificity of the revised Micro-ESR was 62.5% and 60.9% respectively in diagnosing culture proven sepsis. (Fig. 6) Fig. 6: Bar Chart Showing Distribution of Cases According to Micro-ESR Among 40 babies of study group, 25 (62.50%) has IL-6 Test positive and 15 (37.50%) has IL-6 Test negative while in control group, 3 (7.5%) has IL-6 Test positive and 37 (92.5%) has IL-6 Test negative. In present study, neonatal mortality is seen in 4 cases (5%) of the total 80 cases. Of these 4 cases, all cases have shown elevated IL-6 levels. Hence, strongly elevated IL-6 levels in this study have found to be associated with bad prognosis as indicated by death. Statistical analysis of IL-6 levels concentration >100 pg/ml in this study of 40 cases (study group) yielded a sensitivity of 95.83% and specificity of 87.50 % whereas Positive predictive value and the Negative predictive value is 92% and 93.33% respectively. Many studies have also reported similar results. The recent study of IL-6 in early neonatal sepsis by Silveira et al17 using normal newborns as controls, showed similar sensitivity of 96%. Recently, Silveira and Procianoy18 reported that IL-6 and TNF-ÃŽ ± are likely cand idate cytokines for use in early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. (Fig. 7) Fig. 7: Bar Chart Showing Distribution of Cases According to IL-6 Assay Out of 40 cases in study group, blood culture is positive in 24 cases (60%), IL-6 is positive in 25 cases (62.5%) and 2 cases (5%) have IL-6 positive with sterile blood culture. (Fig. 8) Fig. 8: Bar Chart Showing IL-6 Levels in Sepsis Same group of patients are tested with both Blood Culture (BacTalert) as well as IL-6 levels. Therefore McNemars (ChiSquare) test is used to evaluate whether results of these tests vary significantly from each other. It is observed that the results of both tests are not statistically significant from each other with x2 = 0.083, p-value equal to 1.00 and degree of freedom equal to 1. There is no statistically significant difference between Blood Culture (BacTalert) and IL-6 assay (p=1). Hence use of IL-6 levels for early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis can be justified. (Table 3) Table 3 – IL-6 Parameters: Sensitivity, Specificity, PPV, NPV and Accuracy Chi-square (X2) = 0.083, Degree of Freedom = 1, p-value = 1.00 Thus, IL-6 test has maximum sensitivity as well as specificity in comparison with other septic markers in early detection of neonatal sepsis. (Table 4) Table 4 – Comparative Parameters: Sensitivity, Specificity, PPV, NPV and Accuracy Hence, it can be concluded that IL-6 concentration increases to significant level in the patient having bacterial septicemia. IL-6 test has maximum sensitivity as well as specificity in comparison with other septic markers. Therefore, IL-6 levels can be used as an early diagnostic marker for neonatal sepsis. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION Thus, IL-6 has shown Sensitivity of 95.83%, Specificity of 87.5%, Positive Predictive Value of 92%, Negative Predictive Value of 93.33% and Accuracy of 92.5%. Neonatal mortality was seen in 4(5%) of the 80 cases studied. Of these 4 mortalities, all 4 cases showed IL-6 levels strongly positive. Hence, strongly elevated IL-6 levels, in this study, are found to be associated with bad prognosis as indicated by death. The result of the present study appears to emphasize that serum IL-6 levels increases to a significant level in the patients having bacterial septicemia. The level of rise depends upon the severity of the sepsis. Hence, it can be concluded that IL-6 levels can be used as an early diagnostic marker of neonatal sepsis. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Authors are thankful Dr. V. Kotrashetti for guidance during study period. We also express thanks to Mr. Dattatray Parle and Dr. Tabish Pathan for editing this study. Funding: None Conflict of Interest: None Permission from IRB: Yes REFERENCES â€Å"NNF Teaching Aids: Newborn Care† www.newbornwhocc.org/pdf/ teaching-aids/neonatalsepsis.pdf. Siegel J, McCracken G, â€Å"Sepsis Neonatarum† NEJM, 1981(304):642-646. â€Å"IMMULITE: IL-6† Manual on IMMULITE Published by Siemens Medical Solutions and Diagnostics, Los Angels, CA, USA, 2006. Saunders, B. M., Z. Liu, Y. Zhan and C. Cheers, â€Å"Interleukin- 6 production during chronic experimental infection† Immunol. Cell Biol. 1993(71):275-280 Gupte S., â€Å"The Short Text Book of Paediatrics† 9th Ed., Jaypee Brothers, New Delhi, 2001:559-561. Milenia QuickLine IL-6 Published by Milenia Biotec, USA SepsisNeoEnglish, 2005. de Bont, E., A. Martens, J. van Raan, G. Samson, W. P. Fetter, A Okken and L. H. F. M. de Lei, â€Å"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-6 plasma levels in neonatal sepsis† Pediatr. Res., 1993(33):380-383. Bhargav SK, Gupta A, Bhargav M. Bacterial Infections in Newborn. Newer Development in Pediatric[A1] Research 1977; 1. MirfAmans and Khan SR. Neonatal sepsis; a review with study of 50 cases. Journal[A2] of Tropical Pediatrics 1987; 33(3):131-5. McCraken and Shinefield. Changes in the pattern of neonatal septicemia and meningitis. Am J Dis. Child 1966; 112:33. Faridi et al[A3]. Chest radiograph in neonatal sepsis. Ind. Ped[A4]. 1972; 29:871. Kumar GD et al[A5]. Bacteriological analysis of blood culture isolates from neonate in tertiary care hospital in India. J Health, Population and Nutrition, 2002; 20(4): 343-347. Chan DK and Ho LY. Usefulness of C-reactive protein in the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. Singapore MedicalJournal[A6] 1997; 38(6): 252-5. Franz AR, et al. Reduction of unnecessary antibiotic therapy in newborn infants using interleukin-8 and C-reactive protein as markers of bacterial infections. Pediatrics 1999; 104:447-53. .Ghosh S, Mittal M, Jaganathan G. Early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis using a hematological scoring system 2000;54(9):495-500. Diwakar KK, Rosul G, â€Å"Revised Look at Micro-Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate in Neonates† Indian Pediatrics[A7] 1999; 36:703-705. Silveira RC, Procianoy RS, â€Å"Evaluation of interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor-a and interleukin-1 for early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis† Acta. Paediatr ,1999(88): 647-650. Renato S. Procianoy, Rita C. Silveira, â€Å"The role of sample collection timing on interleukin-6 levels in early-onset neonatal sepsis† J Pediatr (Rio J), 80(5):407-10, 2004. [A1]AS ABOVE [A2]BBR [A3]ET AL ONLY IF THERE ARE MORE THAN SIX AUTHORS, PLEASE CHECK [A4]CORRECT AS ABOVE; NO FULL STOPS AND CORRECTLY ABBREVIATED NAMES OF JOURNALS. [A5]CHECK ET AL [A6]Sing Med J [A7]Abbr